Gum cancer is a form of oral cancer . This is a type of head and neck cancer that starts when cells in the gums above or below start to grow out of control and form lesions or tumors. Gum cancer can cause sores, lumps, thickened gums, and bleeding.
Gum cancer is a rare, slow-growing carcinoma, accounting for about 6 percent of cases of oral cancer, according to a statement from the European Journal of Dentistry. This cancer is often mistaken for gingivitis , a condition caused by plaque buildup, because the symptoms are similar.
Both gum cancer and gingivitis need a doctor's treatment. Reported by healthgrades, gum cancer mostly forms right on the surface of the gums and is a type of skin cancer known as squamous cell carcinoma. To find out more about gum cancer, see the following review!
1. Causes and risk factors
Gum cancer is a form of oral cancer. Oral cancer occurs when gum cells experience changes or mutations in their DNA . The cell's DNA contains instructions that tell the cell what function it is to perform. The mutational changes tell cells to keep growing and dividing, causing healthy cells to die.
The abnormal accumulation of cancer cells in the mouth can form a tumor . Over time, cancer cells can spread to the gums, mouth, and other areas of the head and neck, including other parts of the body.
Gum cancer usually begins in the thin, flat cells (squamous cells) that line the lips and inside of the mouth. It is not known exactly what causes the mutation in squamous cells that causes oral cancer. However, doctors have identified several factors that in general can increase the risk of gum cancer and oral cancer, such as:
Consuming any type of tobacco, including cigarettes, cigars, pipes, chewing tobacco, and others.
Excessive sun exposure on the lips.
Excessive alcohol consumption.
Man.
Over 40 years old.
Experiencing chronic irritation of the mouth.
Human papillomavirus (HPV).
Weakened immune system.
A diet low in fruits and vegetables.
Having poor oral hygiene.
Consuming alcohol and tobacco use are the biggest risk factors for gum cancer and other types of oral cancer.
2. Signs and symptoms
Early signs and symptoms of gum cancer can include:
Sore mouth that doesn't go away for 3 to 4 weeks.
White or reddish patches in the mouth.
Pain in the mouth and ears.
Difficulty chewing and swallowing.
Loose teeth.
Growths or lumps in the mouth.
Swelling or thickening, lumps or rough or eroded spots on the lips, gums, cheeks or other areas in the mouth.
Unexplained bleeding or numbness, loss of feeling in the lips or pain and tenderness in the face, mouth or neck area.
Unexplained weight loss.
3. Diagnosis
Reported by the Better Health Channel , cancer in the mouth is diagnosed with several tests, such as:
Oral examination.
Biopsy.
Shinar-X.
Ultrasonography (USG).
CT scan.
MRI.
PET.
4. Treatment
Gum cancer can be cured if detected early. Treatment often involves surgery performed by a head and neck cancer surgeon.
The goals of gum cancer treatment are to:
Cure cancer.
Maintain the appearance and function of the patient's mouth.
Prevent cancer from coming back.
The extent and depth of the cancer guides the doctor's treatment plan. Treatment recommendations vary, depending on whether the cancer started in the lower gums or the upper gums.
The more common treatment of upper gum cancer includes maxillectomy (surgery to remove cancer on the roof of the mouth).
The more common treatment for lower gum cancer includes mandibulectomy (surgery to remove lymph nodes in the neck that contain or may contain cancer).
If the cancer is in an advanced stage, radiation, chemotherapy, or both can help shrink the tumor, before or after surgery, to reduce the chance of the cancer coming back. However, for some people, radiation may be the only treatment needed.
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5. Prevention
Oral cancer, including gum cancer, is one of the most preventable types of cancer. Here are some tips for preventing gum cancer:
Stay away from tobacco products.
Consult a dentist regularly at least once every 6 months.
Avoid excessive alcohol consumption.
Eat a healthy, balanced diet.
Maintain oral hygiene by brushing your teeth twice a day (after meals if possible).
Flossing at least once a day can minimize the risk of developing gingivitis.
If you have dentures, also take the following steps to help reduce the risk of gum cancer:
Remove dentures while sleeping.
Clean dentures once a day.
Take dentures to the dentist for regular evaluations.
If you have changes in your gums or symptoms that suggest gum cancer or oral cancer, you should see a doctor for further evaluation. The sooner cancer is detected and treated, the greater the chances of successful treatment.
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